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Why activity is vital for your mental wellbeing during COVID-19

For the vast majority of us, the coming weeks and months will be far different from anything we have ever experienced so far in our lives. We are all coming to terms with the increasing daily use of seemingly apocalyptic language such as ‘Quarantine,’ ‘Self-Isolation’ and ‘Lockdown,’ as the reality of just how COVID-19 will impact our society edges closer with every passing day. Whilst these terms may sound scary at first, they simply mean we will need to adapt to a new way of living our daily lives.

So why is staying active so important? The government has made it very clear that some of the measures being implemented are likely to have a detrimental impact on health, raising particular concerns for mental wellbeing due to the reduction of social contact and the guidance to spend more time in isolation inside our homes. In addition to this, the high level of uncertainty surrounding the current situation has the potential to induce stress, anxiety, depressive thoughts, and a general reduction in mood. A recent article in The Conversation also touched on how social isolation can lead to increased levels of chronic inflammation within the body, which in turn is linked to a number of long-term health conditions.

The link between physical activity and improved mental wellbeing is well established and backed up by a significant base of scientific evidence which continues to grow. Regular activity is known to help reduce stress, relieve feelings of anxiety and depression, and play a crucial role in the regulation of mood. There are thought to be a number of mechanisms behind these benefits, ranging from psychological adaptations such as increased self-esteem and self-efficacy, to physiological adaptations such as changes to how our bodies respond to stress hormones and increased blood flow to the brain.

The introduction of social distancing measures will require us to change the way we think about activity. Group activities and team sports may no longer be suitable and it might be that we must shift our thinking from more traditional ‘exercise’ to everyday activities that can be achieved within our own homes. The crucial part however, is to ensure that activity remains a solid foundation within our everyday lives. In fact, now is as important time as any to ensure we stay as active as possible. This is echoed in the words of Chief Medical Officer and expert advisor behind the government’s response to the virus, Professor Chris Witty, who suggested that staying active “is a very good thing to do” during this time.

Fortunately, at KiActiv^® we know that physical activity is multi-dimensional. Activity can come in all sorts of different forms from everyday activity such as vacuuming the carpet, doing the washing up or tending to the garden, right the way through to more intense structured activity such as a 5km run, it’s all beneficial to our health! Figuring out exactly what works for us, particularly in times such as those we are faced with today won’t happen overnight. It’s about finding something you enjoy, sticking at it and looking to gradually increase the amount you are capable of doing, whatever that may be. Sustaining any kind of improvement you make to your overall level of activity will have countless benefits for your physical and mental well-being, so what better time to start than today.

The KiActiv^® Team

International Day of Happiness 2020

Today, Friday the 20^thof March, is International Day of Happiness, where people come together with a united goal to improve human happiness and overall quality of life. International Happiness Day was introduced by the United Nations in 2013 and this year’s theme is Happier Together, with a special focus on what we have in common rather than what divides us. This is of no greater relevance than right now as we face up to the new reality of COVID-19, demonstrating strength and unity to protect the more vulnerable amongst us and the NHS we all hold so dear.

Regardless of the timely context, this is a theme which all of us at KiActiv^® are firmly behind, and we believe that understanding what makes us feel empowered and happy within ourselves is a really positive step towards improving people’s general health & wellbeing on a widescale. Positive feelings of happiness are vital to both our physical and mental wellbeing and finding what makes us happy is extremely personal to the individual.

Physical activity plays a key role in the prevention and treatment of many health-related conditions and has long been referred to as a ‘miracle cure.’ There is a growing pool of evidence highlighting the positive impact of physical activity on improving people’s mental health & wellbeing, which in turn can lead to mood and quality of life improvements.

A review of the available literature looked into the effects of physical activity on improving mood, self-esteem, and cognitive function, as well as the impact it could have in reducing anxiety and depression. The collective results were astonishing and highlighted the true power of physical activity in improving individual’s health outcomes both physically and mentally.

Individuals who participated in as little as 20 minutes of moderate-intensity physical activity each day were shown to significantly improve:

• Mood
• Cognitive function
• Self-esteem

In addition to this, physical activity can reduce both anxiety and depression, showing the huge impact which staying active can have – regardless of your age or mobility.

The positive effect of physical activity in improving our general health and wellbeing and making us happier within ourselves echoes the core values here at KiActiv^®.Every movement you make matters and through approaching physical activity with a multidimensional view, the opportunities to stay active are endless.

It’s likely there are already activities in your day which provide a good source of movement. This could be anything from housework to washing the car or even going for a walk – ultimately the greatest benefit will come from activities you do regularly, so it’s important to do the things you enjoy.

The KiActiv^® Team

Physical Activity & Mental Health Within the NHS

Mental health is a growing issue which has been highlighted by the NHS as a key area for improvement in the care provided to patients. Recent statistics show that approximately 1 in every 4 adults experience at least one diagnosable mental health problem in any given year. This prevalence is extremely high and has led to it becoming the single largest cause of disability in the UK.

The result is a reduced quality of life for those who are dealing with a mental health condition, coupled with a massive impact on the UK economy, at an estimated cost of £105 billion per year. These figures highlight the increasing burden that mental health poses to the NHS, and it underlines the need for interventions which can help to reduce this burden whilst also providing meaningful and sustainable results.

The current care pathway has left people with mental health conditions feeling marginalised which has led to many people receiving a lack of care. IAPT (Improving Access to Psychological Therapies) was introduced in 2008, with a view to transform the treatment of anxiety and depression disorders in the UK. The overall consensus is that it has been successful so far, however more can still be done to treat other mental health conditions and to access individuals where traditional care is less accessible.

A shift in public attitude towards mental health conditions, has seen an emphasis on encouraging people to seek treatment, and then learning to self-manage their condition. The NHS has started to recommend regular physical activity for people who have been diagnosed with mild – moderate depression or anxiety, and GP’s are beginning to prescribe physical activity to treat the condition.

This is certainly a step in the right direction, as there is an abundance of research which supports the use of physical activity as a treatment for mental health conditions. Studieshave shown that physical activity can alleviate symptoms of anxiety and depression by up to 22%. Furthermore, physical activity has been shown to have a strong protective power in reducing the risk of dementia for all individuals. In addition to this, individuals who are genetically predisposed to dementia, but remain physically active can reduce their cognitive decline by up to 55%. This is extremely significant and shows that although one can’t stop the condition from taking form – slowing its course could add years to a person’s life and hugely impact their quality of life.

For any new initiatives to be truly successful, they must recognise the important role which physical activity can play within the care pathway. Harnessing the power of movement through everyday physical activity which fits within an individual’s daily routine is accessible to everyone with no barrier to age or mobility. This would allow physical activity interventions to have a greater reach and benefit the highest number of people. Each of us have ~112 waking hours per week which provides a valuable opportunity for functional everyday movements to occur at varying intensities within our daily routine. Embracing this concept creates a far greater window of opportunity to benefit from physical activity than structured exercise and can deliver better results when understood and personalised to the individual. Moreover, this innovative approach will empower sustainable behaviour change and enable long term self-care.

At KiActiv^® we have proven this approach over the past 4 years with remarkable results. Our 12-week personalised online behaviour change programme with remote guided mentor support, has witnessed outstanding improvements in levels of physical activity and engagement across a broad demographic. We incorporate the latest technology and science to empower an understanding of actionable personalised everyday physical activity, and this quantitative and qualitative data also delivers transparency for measurable outcomes.

The multi-dimensional theory of physical activity takes the emphasis away from solely focusing on forms of exercise, instead placing equal importance on other dimensions such as non-sedentary time and moderate intensity activity. This opens up physical activity to the whole population and allows individuals to find value in their everyday movements.

We are re-establishing an understanding of everyday physical activity for health benefits and challenging the narrative that it needs to be sweat-inducing and uncomfortable. The success of the online programme also highlights the appeal of personalisation and enabling self-care outside of a gym or clinic environment, and we want to make this accessible to as many people as possible across both physical and mental health pathways.

The KiActiv^® Team

Physical Activity doesn’t need to be strenuous to be effective

There is a persistent myth that physical activity has to be strenuous to benefit our health. But this is simply not true, as the results of preliminary research presented last week at the American Heart Association’s Epidemiology and Prevention, Lifestyle and Cardiometabolic Health Scientific Sessions 2020 have shown.

“Finding a way to physically move more in an activity that suits your capabilities and is pleasurable is extremely important for all people, and especially for older people who may have risk factors for cardiovascular diseases. Physical activities such as brisk walking can help manage high blood pressure and high cholesterol, improve glucose control among many benefits,” said Barry A. Franklin, Ph.D., past chair of both the American Heart Association’s Council on Physical Activity and Metabolism and the National Advocacy Committee, Director Of Preventive Cardiology And Cardiac Rehabilitation at Beaumont Health in Royal Oak, Michigan and Professor of Internal Medicine at Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine in Rochester, Michigan.

The researchers used wearable activity monitors to measure the physical activity levels of 1262 participants who had an average age of 69-years (54% female). They found that those who spent at least 150 minutes a week in moderate to vigorous physical activity were 67% less likely to die of any cause than those who did less than 150 minutes of the same type of activity.

Importantly, the researchers showed that physical activity doesn’t need to be strenuous to be effective. Among the participants every 30-minute interval of light-intensity activity – such as housework or casual walking – was associated with a 20% lower risk of dying from any cause. And, conversely, every additional 30-minutes spent sedentary was related to a 32% higher risk of dying from any cause.

“Promoting light-intensity physical activity and reducing sedentary time may be a more practical alternative among older adults,” said Joowon Lee, Ph.D., a researcher at Boston University.

The results of a second preliminary study that was presented at the Scientific Sessions have also got some media attention. In this study of over 6000 women with an average age of 79.2-years, those who walked between 2100 and 4500 steps a day reduced their risk of dying from heart attacks, heart failure, stroke, and other cardiovascular diseases by up to 38%, compared with women who walked less than 2100 steps a day.

However, there are major problems with using steps as a measure of physical activity. Not only do they fail to account for movement that is not manifested in steps, they ignore intensity and, when it comes to physical activity for health, wellbeing and fitness, intensity matters.

Taken together, these studies show that any type of movement has the potential to benefit your health and longevity. There are multiple dimensions that we can take advantage of to gain the innumerable benefits of physical activity. The personalised multidimensional physical activity profiles visualised in KiActiv^®, created by our partners at the University of Bath, give you unique insight into your body and your lifestyle. They enhance understanding and inspire confidence to change and optimise your individual physical activity, so you can choose what types of physical activity you want to do to improve your health and longevity.

The KiActiv^® Team

The truth about steps

The 10,000 steps a day target is often mistaken as a magic number — the key to staving off disease caused by inactivity — when, in fact, it is a completely arbitrary number that originates from a successful marketing campaign in the mid-1960’s.

In an attempt to capitalise on the popularity of the 1964 Tokyo Olympics, a Japanese company started selling the world’s first wearable step-counter called a manpo-kei, which literally translates to “10,000-step meter.”

“There wasn’t really any evidence for it at the time,” says Professor David Bassett, Head of Kinesiology, Recreation and Sport Studies at the University of Tennessee. “They just felt that was a number that was indicative of an active lifestyle and should be healthy.”

And now, 54-years later, the threshold of 10,000 daily steps has still not been scientifically validated as a way to reduce disease risk.

Indeed, earlier this year, Mike Brannan, National Lead for Physical Activity at Public Health England said “There’s no health guidance that exists to back it [the 10,000 steps target] up.”

And, according to the 2018 Physical Activity Guidelines Committee Scientific Report written for the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, there isn’t any published scientific evidence that looks at whether or not daily step count is related to your risk of dying from any cause or from cardiovascular disease. Only limited evidence relates steps to other health outcomes, such as a heart attack or stroke, or developing type 2 diabetes. In fact, the authors of this report couldn’t be sure that doing more steps reduces your risk of these diseases.

What no one seems to be asking is whether we should even be striving for a step target at all.

“There is no authority that recommends using steps as a proxy measure of physical activity.”

Professor Dylan Thompson, Director of Research at University of Bath

One of the major problems with counting steps is that intensity is ignored and when it comes to physical activity for health, wellbeing and fitness, intensity matters. So, you could be taking 10,000 slow, meandering steps a day, achieving the 10,000 steps target, but completely missing out on the numerous physical and mental health benefits you could be gaining.

Another problem is that step counting is far too narrow, failing to account for movement that is not manifested in steps. It is important to also understand that walking isn’t the only type of activity that benefits health – there are multiple dimensions that we can take advantage of to gain the innumerable benefits of physical activity. Focusing on one dimension, or one specific activity, like walking, creates a danger of developing a false picture of activity.

With physical inactivity reaching levels of global pandemic proportion, it is more important than ever that the public understand and follow science-based physical activity guidance. Many strategies to improve physical activity compel or prescribe, and the lack of personalisation has failed to deliver successful behaviour change in the context of individual disease risk or management. We know that physical activity is a behavioural medicine and free-living physical activity is most powerful when it’s personalised.

When people are given standard, non-personalised information about “one-size-fits-all” physical activity, behaviour change is moderate at best, and any gains are not sustained in the long-term. Providing contexualised data feedback across the full spectrum of physical activity promotes a comprehensive understanding of personal physical activity, which is integral to various scientific models of behaviour change and regulation.

We know that data loses its value if it doesn’t have any context. With an activity tracker alone, people can be unsure about how to use the data they’ve collected. Our unique, evidence-based and clinically proven KiActiv^® method provides analysis in the context of health, in combination with two of the most complementary and potent ways of changing people’s physical activity behaviour, self-monitoring (observing and evaluating one’s behaviour) and goal setting. This makes the wearable data valuable and creates individual understanding that empowers authentic choice, which promotes effective behaviour change.

The KiActiv^® Team

World Cancer Day 2020: Physical activity CAN cut your risk of cancer

Tuesday the 4^th of February is World Cancer Day, where people, communities and organisations unite to raise awareness about Cancer and work to ensure it remains a global health priority.

World Cancer Day is led by the Union for International Cancer Control (UICC). In 2019, they launched the new 3-year campaign, with the theme ‘I am and I will’ which aims to counter the belief that nothing can be done about cancer and calls for a personal commitment to help reduce the cancer burden.

This is a theme which all of us at KiActiv^® are firmly behind and we believe that encouraging people to take more responsibility through lifestyle choices is a really positive step in this process and a vital aspect in achieving sustainable change.

Physical activity plays a key role in the prevention and treatment of many health-related conditions and has long been referred to as a ‘miracle cure.’ There is a growing pool of evidence highlighting the positive impact of physical activity on many different types of cancers. A recent study looked into the effects of physical activity on different types of cancer by monitoring the physical activity levels of 755,459 participants over the course of a 10-year period.

The results were astounding and highlighted the power of physical activity in significantly reducing cancer risk. Individuals who participated in approximately 25-minutes of moderate-intensity physical activity each day cut their risk of the following cancers by up to:

• Male colon cancer: 14%
• Breast cancer: 10%
• Endometrial cancer: 18%
• Kidney cancer: 17%
• Myeloma cancer: 19%
• Liver cancer: 27%
• Female non-Hodgkin Lymphoma: 18%

In addition to this, the results showed a clear dose-response relationship between physical activity and risk reduction for breast, colon, endometrial, oesophageal adenocarcinoma, and head and neck cancer – meaning the more physical activity you do, the lower the risk of these cancers.

Dr Alpha Patel, a co-author of the study from the American Cancer Society, said: “The exciting thing about these results is that they demonstrate engaging in a short amount of regular moderate-intensity activity, like a brisk walk, can provide tremendous benefits for the risk of getting various types of cancer. That is good for many people who, when they hear they should exercise more for their health or cancer prevention, think that means something drastic like having to start training for a marathon.”

This echoes the core values here at KiActiv^® as structured exercise is just one way of staying active. Every movement you make matters and through approaching physical activity with a multidimensional view, the opportunities to stay active are endless. For many of us, its likely there are already activities in our day which provide a good source of movement. This could be anything from housework to washing the car or even making a meal. It’s all about finding what counts for you and making the most of your movement!

Through using KiActiv^®, individuals are empowered to self-manage their own physical activity which is an important piece of the puzzle in preventing and treating cancer, and for all of us, a step in the right direction to leading a happier and healthier life.

The KiActiv^® Team

Prehabilitation: Physical Activity Remains Misunderstood

The recent article published in The Guardian highlights how the NHS is piloting fitness programmes with patients who have received a cancer diagnosis. The initiative is based on a growing research base that shows effective prehabilitation can improve clinical outcomes, which include improved survival rates, greater tolerance to radical treatments and reduced post-operative complications. This can lead to reduced time spent in hospital or need for readmission to hospital.

The prehab4cancer scheme focuses on providing structured exercise classes in conjunction with nutritional advice and mental health counselling, all of which are designed to help the patient make healthier lifestyle choices after receiving their diagnosis and treatment. We welcome this new approach for effective ‘prehab’ as a positive step forward, however it important to note that exercise referral programmes within healthcare pathways are not new, and the challenges of measurable outcomes and the barriers to uptake are well documented. Patient uptake for exercise referral programmes has historically been low, as we can see with similar programmes such as cardiac rehabilitation where uptake sits at around 50% (British Heart Foundation: NACR Report, 2019).

Many people simply do not enjoy structured exercise, and these feelings are intensified when it is only available in an unfamiliar environment alongside other people in group-based settings. Exercise interventions are often based at a leisure centre, clinic or hospital, which also imposes a need for additional travel and time. These issues can create an immediate barrier to engagement, and uptake is often limited to only the most motivated and financially able cohorts.

For this new NHS initiative to be truly successful and inclusive it must also recognise the important role that everyday physical activity can play. Harnessing the power of movement in an individual’s daily routine is accessible to everyone with no barrier to age or mobility. Each of us has ~112 waking hours per week and this provides an opportunity for functional everyday movements to occur at varying intensities, as part of a daily routine. Embracing this concept creates a far greater window of opportunity to benefit from physical activity than structured exercise and it can deliver the same results (if not better) when understood and personalised to the individual. Moreover, this innovative approach will empower sustainable behaviour change and enable long term self-care.

At KiActiv^® we have proven this approach over the past 4 years with remarkable results. Our 12-week personalised online behaviour change programme with remote guided mentor support, has witnessed outstanding improvements in levels of physical activity and engagement across a broad demographic. We incorporate the latest technology and science to empower an understanding of actionable personalised everyday physical activity, and this quantitative and qualitative data also delivers transparency for measurable outcomes.

The multi-dimensional theory of physical activity takes the emphasis away from solely focusing on forms of exercise, instead placing equal importance on other dimensions such as non-sedentary time and moderate intensity activity. This opens up physical activity to the whole population and allows individuals to find value in their everyday movements.

We are re-establishing an understanding of everyday physical activity for health benefits and challenging the narrative that it needs to be sweat-inducing and uncomfortable. The success of the online programme also highlights the appeal of personalisation and flexibility of learning to self-care outside of a gym or clinic environment.

The KiActiv^® Team

Keep rockin around the Christmas tree this festive season

As the days on our advent calendars begin to countdown, there is a growing sense of excitement as Christmas draws ever closer. For many of us the build up to Christmas is one of the most exciting and busiest times, as we spend our time decorating the tree, cooking copious amounts of food, preparing our homes for waves of people and (quite often) doing last minute Christmas shopping.

It can be a common worry for people that their physical activity may drop off over this period due to the nature of Christmas and the indulgence brought with it. However, there are lots of ways in which you can keep up your activity levels over this time.

Heading out for a short walk can be a great way to combine physical activity with getting some fresh air which can help to improve your mood, as well as boosting your general health and wellbeing. It can also provide an active way of socialising with friends and family and an opportunity to break up the day’s festivities.

But, if you don’t feel this is for you, don’t worry. Walking is just one way we can move our bodies. There are many other kinds of physical activity that are equally as important for our health and wellbeing, so everyone can make the most of their movement in a way that suits them and their busy schedule.

There are infinite ways of being physically active as all the activities of everyday life can count. Whether it’s adding extra decorations to the Christmas tree, cooking a Christmas dinner, laying the table and carefully setting out Christmas crackers or generally moving more around the house – every movement matters and it can all count!

Physical activity is anything which gets our bodies moving and uses energy. The key is to find out what it is that counts for us – it’s likely that we’re all already doing something, we just need to find out what it is. Once we know what counts, we can choose what we want to do to optimise our physical activity and by choosing activities we enjoy, then we’re more likely to keep doing these over the festive period and into the New Year.

The opportunities to optimise our everyday physical activity over the festive period are endless, from Christmas shopping to dancing the night away on New Year’s Eve. With this in mind, we wish you a Happy and Active Christmas and New Year from all of us here at KiActiv^®

The KiActiv^® Team

Everyday activities shown to halve the risk of prostate cancer

A new study, has found that physical activity has a ‘far larger’ protective effect on prostate cancer than previously thought. Men who were most active on a daily basis had a 51% reduced risk of prostate cancer compared to the least active.

Importantly, these findings relate to overall physical activity, not just vigorous exercise. Anything that gets your body moving can help protect you against the disease.

The researchers, funded by the World Cancer Research Fund (WCRF) and Cancer Research UK, measured physical activity among 79,148 men who have prostate cancer and 61,106 who did not.

Dr Sarah Lewis, Senior Lecturer in Genetic Epidemiology at Bristol Medical School: Population Health Sciences, and senior author of the research, said: “This study is the largest-ever of its kind which uses a relatively new method that complements current observational research to discover what causes prostate cancer. It suggests that there could be a larger effect of physical activity on prostate cancer than previously thought, so will hopefully encourage men to be more active.”

Dr Anna Diaz Font, Head of Research Funding at WCRF, added: “Up till now, there has only been limited evidence of an effect of physical activity on prostate cancer. This new study looked at the effect of 22 risk factors on prostate cancer, but the results for physical activity were the most striking. This will pave the way for even more research, where similar methods could be applied to other lifestyle factors, to help identify ways men can reduce their risk of prostate cancer.”

Around 1 in 6 men in the UK will be diagnosed with prostate cancer in their lifetime, but, according to the WCRF, this risk could drop to 1 in 12 for men who are the most physically active.

There are different ways to harness the benefits of physical activity because it has multiple independent biologically-important dimensions. The personalised multidimensional physical activity profiles visualised in the KiActiv^® system are crucial for the accurate evaluation of an individual’s physical activity and the creation of bespoke strategies for successful change. Through this we have evidenced an enhanced understanding and inspired confidence to change and optimise individuals’ physical activity for a longer, healthier life.

The KiActiv^® Team

Can wearable fitness trackers actually give an accurate estimate of VO_2 max

We’re living in a world where advanced technology is becoming more and more accessible to the general public. Wearable fitness devices are now prominent on the consumer market and seem locked in a battle to outdo each other by providing all sorts of measurements obtained from a number of fancy sensors. Whilst the end goal remains consistent in that the device provides the consumer with a means of tracking their activity, many are now offering more complex readings in a bid to give the user unique insights and ultimately sell more units. Whilst this might sound appealing, we must consider the accuracy of these measurements to assess whether the outputs we are being shown carry any true value for the good of our health.

The Devices

Perhaps one of the more interesting claims made by a wearable on the market is that of the Garmin Forerunner 230 & 235 series. Each device utilises characteristic information from your user profile, such as height, weight and age, in combination with information collected whilst running such as heart rate, running distance, duration and pace to provide an estimate of individual VO_2max. The G230 model uses a chest strap to accurately monitor heart rate, whilst the G235 uses an optical sensor within the wrist worn device to obtain a slightly less accurate heart rate measurement. The estimate is shown to the user alongside an estimated ‘fitness age’ based on this particular measure of cardio-respiratory fitness.

What is VO_2max?

VO_2max refers to the maximum rate of oxygen consumption during exercise and is generally considered the gold standard measurement of an individual’s aerobic fitness level. It is closely and positively associated with athletic performance, longevity, health and well-being. Accurate assessment of VO_2max usually involves an incremental exercise test to maximum capacity under laboratory conditions, which is both expensive and impractical for most people, so by providing an estimation in a free-living environment Garmin is attempting to make a very useful insight far more accessible to the wider population

Is it backed by the science?

As previously mentioned, before we take the device’s VO_2max readings as gospel, it is important to consider the accuracy. One study compared the estimations produced by the G230, G235 and a third device with results from a gold standard VO_2max test conducted in laboratory conditions. They found significant differences between the estimated VO_2max from all devices and the measured VO_2max. for male and female participants. The Garmin devices showed a tendency to underestimate VO_2max. for female participants, whilst an overestimation was apparent for the male participants. A second study looked solely at the G235 and found that the watch underestimated VO_2max compared to gold standard VO_2max measurements, differing slightly from the first study, perhaps suggesting we should be cautious when making any inferences from this data.

So, despite many new wearables making bold claims about what they are capable of measuring, it is important to dig a little bit deeper into the underlying science before drawing any firm conclusions. The Garmin Forerunner wearables are likely capable of giving a ‘ballpark figure’ for VO_2max, however when we consider the implications of the scientific literature, it might be wise to take this figure with a slight pinch of salt.

The KiActiv^® Team

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